hello_name 
def hello_name(name):
  return 'Hello ' + name + '!'
make_out_word 
def make_out_word(out, word):
  return out[0:2] + word + out[2:4]
first_half 
def first_half(str):
  return str[:len(str) / 2]
non_start 
def non_start(a, b):
  return a[1:len(a)] + b[1:len(b)]
make_abba 
def make_abba(a, b):
  return a + b + b + a
extra_end 
def extra_end(str):
  end = str[len(str) - 2] + str[len(str) - 1]
  return end + end + end
without_end 
def without_end(str):
  return str[1:len(str) - 1]
 left2 
def left2(str):
  return str[2:len(str)] + str[0:2]
make_tags
def make_tags(tag, word):
  return '<' + tag + '>' + word + '</' + tag + '>'
 first_two 
def first_two(str):
  return str[0:2]
combo_string 
def combo_string(a, b):
  if len(a) >= len(b):
    return b + a + b
  elif len(b) >= len(a):
    return a + b + a